ABSTRACT
Nematicidal substances have been identified from plants and are potentially useful for the management of plant-parasitic nematodes. Cabralea canjerana, (Meliaceae) and Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) produce bioactive compounds during their secondary metabolism and little is known about the effect of such substances on plant-parasitic nematodes. In the present study, we assessed the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. canjerana and S. terebinthifolius at 1% (m:v) and purified substances from C. canjerana (gedunin, ocotillone, cabraleadiol, a mixture of ocotillone + cabraleadiol and a mixture of shoreic acid + eichlerianic acid) on hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne incognita juveniles. Aqueous extracts of C. canjerana fruits and seeds reduced hatching by 70.3 to 95.7%. Aqueous extracts of S. terebinthifolius fruits killed 42.8 to 77.1% of juveniles. The purified substances of C. canjerana inhibited the hatching of M. incognita from 57 to 90% and did not increase the mortality of juveniles. Therefore, C. canjerana extracts and its purified substances reduce M. incognita hatching and aqueous extracts of S. terebinthifolius kill J2 of this nematode.
Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/toxicity , Anacardiaceae , Nematoda , Antinematodal AgentsABSTRACT
Aos frutos e óleos essenciais da aroeira da praia (Schinus terebinthifolius) atribui-se atividade antimicrobiana sobre bactérias gram positivas além de ação anti-inflamatória. O óleo essencial da aroeira é utilizado no tratamento de micoses, sendo a sua atividade antifúngica atribuída à alta concentração de monoterpenos. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o melhor rendimento de destilação de óleo essencial de sementes e folhas da aroeira e os componentes químicos do óleo essencial nos diversos períodos de destilação. Cem gramas de cada material foram destilados em aparato de Clevenger durante 2,5h, 4,0h, 5,5h e 7,0h. O material destilado foi analisado por cromatografia a gás acoplada a espectrofotômetro de massas, onde foi obtido o perfil cromatográfico do material. As sementes de aroeira apresentaram maiores quantidades de óleo essencial, quando comparadas com as folhas em todos os períodos de destilação. O óleo essencial de aroeira mostrou perfil volátil formado principalmente por mono e sesquiterpenos.
The fruits and essential oils of Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) have antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, as well as anti-inflammatory action. The essential oil of Brazilian pepper is used to treat fungal infections, and its antifungal activity is attributed to the high concentration of monoterpenes. This study aimed to determine the best yield of distillation of the essential oil of seeds and leaves of Brazilian pepper and the chemical components of the essential oil in different periods of distillation. One hundred grams of each material were distilled in Clevenger apparatus for 2.5 h, 4.0 h, 5.5 h and 7.0 h. The distilled material was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer, where the chromatographic profile of the material was obtained. Seeds of Brazilian pepper showed higher amounts of essential oils when compared with the leaves in all the periods of distillation. The essential oil of Brazilian pepper showed a profile consisting mainly of volatile mono- and sesquiterpenes.
Subject(s)
Distillation/methods , Pistacia/classification , Seeds/metabolism , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Plant Leaves/metabolismABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and chemical composition of the essential oil of Brazilian pepper fruits grown in single and double rows using different doses of semi decomposed poultry litter in two evaluation times. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Grande Dourados, in the city of Dourados, state o- Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from October 2009 to November 2010. Brazilian pepper plants were grown in single and double rows in soil with incorporated poultry litter at the doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 5 factorial experiment in a randomized block design with four replications. Fruits were harvested 180 and 390 days after transplant (DAT). There was a significant interaction for fresh weight of fruits and weight of 50 fruits, being the values higher at 180 DAT in the double rows with increasing poultry litter doses. Fruits harvested 390 DAT showed higher diameter compared with those harvested 180 DAT. The number of fruits per bunch was significantly influenced by the doses of poultry litter, presenting a linear increase with increasing doses. The essential oil of the Brazilian pepper fruits obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry exhibited predominance of monoterpenes, highlighting α-pinene (20.14%) as the major constituent. The chemical composition of the essential oil was not influenced by the number of plant rows in the plot or by the doses of poultry litter in any evaluation time. Therefore, the cultivation of Brazilian pepper plants is recommended in double rows, with 13.59 t ha-1 of incorporated poultry litter in the soi, and with harvest of 180 DAT for higher fruit production.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produção e composição química do óleo essencial de frutos de pimenta-rosa cultivados em fileira simples e dupla com diferentes doses de cama-de-frango semidecomposta em duas épocas de avaliação. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, em Dourados/MS, de outubro de 2009 a novembro de 2010. Plantas de pimenta-rosa foram cultivadas em fileira simples e dupla, em solo com cama-de-frango incorporada nas doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 t ha-1. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em fatorial 2 x 5, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os frutos foram colhidos aos 180 e 390 dias após o transplante (DAT). Houve interação significativa para peso fresco de frutos e peso de 50 frutos, sendo os valores maiores aos 180 DAT nas plantas cultivadas em fileira dupla, relacionado com o aumento das doses de cama-de-frango. Os frutos colhidos aos 390 DAT apresentaram maior diâmetro comparado com aqueles coletados aos 180 DAT. O número de frutos por cacho foi influenciado significativamente pelas doses de cama-de-frango, tendo aumento linear em função do aumento das doses. O óleo essencial dos frutos de pimenta-rosa obtido por hidrodestilação e analisado por cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas exibiu predominância de monoterpenos, apresentando como principal constituinte o α-pineno (20,14%). A composição química do óleo essencial não foi influenciada pelo número de fileiras de plantas na parcela, nem pelas doses de cama-de-frango, em nenhuma das épocas de avaliação. Portanto, para maior produção de frutos recomenda-se o cultivo de plantas de pimenta-rosa em fileira dupla e 13.59 t ha-1 de cama-de-frango incorporada ao solo com colheita aos 180 DAT.
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Pimenta/metabolism , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Waste Products/analysis , Anacardiaceae/metabolism , FertilizersABSTRACT
Visitantes florais e aspectos da polinização da espécie nativa Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), conhecida como "aroeira-vermelha", foram investigados em duas fisionomias de vegetação de restinga em Grussai/Iquipari (São João da Barra, RJ). Os visitantes florais foram capturados durante 88h em 11 dias de amostragem em flores estaminadas e pistiladas, e o comportamento intrafloral foi estudado a partir de filmagens. Foram capturadas 64 espécies de visitantes florais das ordens Coleoptera, Diptera e Hymenoptera. Abelhas e vespas foram consideradas polinizadores efetivos, pois apresentaram pólen aderido ao corpo e comportamento de forrageio adequado à polinização, diferindo quanto à composição de espécies e abundância de indivíduos nas duas fisionomias de vegetação de restinga. Apis mellifera foi o principal polinizador na formação praial com moitas, enquanto espécies de Halictidae foram consideradas principais agentes de polinização na mata de restinga. A baixa diversidade e abundância de abelhas comparada a outros estudos com a mesma planta podem ser resultantes de importantes mudanças na comunidade de abelhas ao longo do tempo. A conservação dos polinizadores nativos neste ecossistema tão ameaçado é urgente, a fim de preservar a reprodução desta importante espécie vegetal na mata de restinga.
Floral visitors and aspects of the pollination of the native species Schinus terebinthifolius known as Brazilian pepper ("aroeira-vermelha") were investigated in two physiognomies of restinga vegetation in Grussai/Iquipari (São João da Barra, RJ). The insects were captured during 88 hours during 11 sampling days on staminate and pistilate flowers, and the foraging behavior was studied through observations and video recording. Species (64) belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera were captured. Bees and wasps were considered the effective pollinators because of the suitable foraging behavior and pollen adhered to the body, differing in terms of species composition and abundance of individuals between the two studied physiognomies of restinga. Apis mellifera was the main pollinator in the beach grass shrub formation, while species of Halictidae were more important in the restinga forest. The low species diversity and bee abundance compared to other studies with the same plant species may be resulted of major changes in the bee community along the time. The conservation of native pollinators is urgent in order to preserve the reproduction of this important plant species in the threatened restinga ecosystem.
Subject(s)
Bees , Anacardiaceae , Wetlands , PollinationABSTRACT
A 7.4 percent vaginal extract of the Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) was compared with 0.75 percent vaginal metronidazole, both manufactured by the Hebron Laboratory, for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, used at bedtime for 7 nights. The condition was diagnosed using the combined criteria of Amsel and Nugent in two groups of 140 and 137 women, aged between 18 and 40 years. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed. Women were excluded from the study if they presented delayed menstruation, were pregnant, were using or had used any topical or systemic medication, presented any other vaginal infections, presented hymen integrity, or if they reported any history suggestive of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. According to Amsel’s criteria separately, 29 patients (21.2 percent) treated with the extract and 87 (62.1 percent) treated with metronidazole were considered to be cured (P < 0.001). According to Nugent’s score separately, 19 women (13.9 percent) treated with the extract and 79 (56.4 percent) treated with metronidazole were considered to be cured (P < 0.001). Using the two criteria together, the so-called total cure was observed in 17 women (12.4 percent) treated with the extract and in 79 women (56.4 percent) treated with metronidazole (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the cure rate for bacterial vaginosis using a vaginal gel from a pepper tree extract was lower than the rate obtained with metronidazole gel, while side effects were infrequent and non-severe in both groups.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Young Adult , Anacardiaceae/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Metronidazole/therapeutic use , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Vaginosis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Administration, Intravaginal , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Double-Blind Method , Metronidazole/administration & dosage , Phytotherapy/methods , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Treatment Outcome , Vaginal Creams, Foams, and JelliesABSTRACT
The antibacterial potential of leaf's essential oil (EO) from Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) against staphylococcal isolates from dogs with otitis externa was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of EO ranged from 78.1 to 1,250 fg/mL. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS and cytotoxicity tests were carried out with laboratory animals.